| Affix function | number of borrowed affixes |
|---|---|
Information and examples for Taiwanese Mandarin are from Tsai (2007) and those for Mainland Chinese Mandarin from Yang and Ouyang (2013). Drawing on social media data, both works show English -ing to be used exclusively to express continuous aspect. No mention is made of -ing being used to form gerunds or to convey other meanings that the suffix has in English.
1 TAM suffix