| Affix function | number of borrowed affixes |
|---|---|
Information and examples are from Ciucci (2010:9, 22; 2014:22). The borrowing is argued to have happened already in an ancestor language of Zamuco, hence the prefix is also found in ancient Zamucoan and other Zamucoan languages. Therefore, the donor language would also have been an ancestor language of Nivaclé within the Mataguayan family, or possibly a Guaicuruan language. Ciucci (2014:22) argues that the borrowing of this prefix may have created double 3rd person forms, which would have been reanalyzed as reflexive and non-reflexive. This grammatical distinction is absent in other languages of the region, including the source languages. Ciucci (2014) identifies a number of other similarities in the morphemeologies of Zamucoan, Guaycuruan, and Matacoan, but for these, the circumstances and direction of potential borrowing remain unclear.
1 possessive person-marker prefix