Tibeto-Burman affixes in Assamese

Summary

Affix function number of borrowed affixes

Description

Examples from Goswami and Tamuli (2003: 456–458). These forms are “clearly of non‑Aryan origin(Masica 1991: 250). According to Matras (2009: 216), they are “probably from Tibeto‑Burman”.

15 numeral classifiers

‑zɒn ‘human male, respect/polite’, e.g. dɒɦ‑zɒn ‘ten (men)’, manuɦ‑zɒn ‘the man’

‑zɒni ‘human female (with lack of respect), non-human female’, e.g. sari‑zɒni ‘four (females)’, manuɦ‑zɒni ‘the woman’, sagɔli‑zɒni ‘the she‑goat’, gai‑zɒni ‘the cow’

‑gɒraki ‘human, respect’, e.g. sari‑gɒraki ‘four (gentlemen/ladies)’, manuɦ‑gɒraki ‘the gentleman/lady’

‑to ‘inanimate, non‑human male, human male (impolite)’, e.g. bɒlɒdfi‑to ‘the bull’, xadɦu‑to ‘the story’, after numerals, the allomorph ‑ɛta is used (impolite when used with human male referents)’, e.g. dɒɦ‑ta ‘ten (bulls, men, etc.)’, ɛ‑ta ‘one (story, man, etc.)’, musi‑to ‘the cobbler’, manuɦ‑to ‘the man’

‑ti ‘same as to, but diminutive, endearing’, e.g. lɔra‑ti ‘the (dear) little boy’, zuri‑ti ‘the little stream’

‑khɒn ‘dimensional (space, time)’, e.g. natɒk‑khɒn ‘the play’, kitɒp‑khɒn ‘the book’

‑khɒni ‘same as khɒn, but diminutive, endearing’, e.g. natika‑khɒni ‘the playlet’, nɔi‑khɒni ‘the river’

‑khini ‘non‑count (mass) nouns and pronouns’, e.g. xei‑khini ‘that (place/thing)’, pani‑khini ‘the water’

‑dal ‘inanimate, flexible/stiff, oblong, human (pejorative)’, e.g. manuɦ‑dal ‘the man’, lathi‑dal ‘the stick’

‑bor animate, inanimate’, e.g. manuɦ‑bor ‘the men’, eõ‑lok ‘these (people)’

‑ɦɑ̃t human’, e.g. lɔra‑ɦɑ̃t ‘the boys’, tekhet‑xɒlɒl ‘those (ladies/gentlemen)’

‑ɦɑ̃t non‑human (pejorative reference to humans)’, e.g. gɔru‑ɦɑ̃t ‘fools’, manuɦ‑zɒn ‘the man’

‑lok human, respect (occurs with some pronouns)’, e.g. toma‑lok ‘you’, manuɦ‑gɒraki ‘the gentleman/lady’

‑xɒlɒl human, respect (occurs with select nouns and pronouns)’, e.g. xikhyɒk‑xɒlɒl ‘the teachers’, kagɒz‑khila ‘the (sheet of) paper’

‑khila sheet, leaf‑like’, e.g. kagɒz‑khila ‘the sheets of paper’