Spanish affixes in Cho’ol
Summary
Description
Information is from Dürr (2012), Dürr (personal communication, 2012) and Vásquez Álvarez (2011). The three adverbial particles borrowed are from a closed class of forms that have a fixed position before the verb stem and after the argument proclitics (Dürr 2012:38, 92; Vásquez Álvarez 2011:138–145). In the closely related Chontal there are similar forms, e.g. malah ‘badly’ (Knowles 1984:223–228).
3 bound adverbial particles
- -mero ‘a little’, e.g. i-mero-ña’ty-añ-ø (3.ergative-little-know-transitive-3.absolutive) ‘He knew a little something (e.g. has a power)’ (Vásquez Álvarez 2011:437), i-mero-jajm-el (3.ergative-little-clear-nonfinite) ‘It is a little clear’ (Vásquez Álvarez 2011:492), a-mero-tsep-ø (2.ergative-little-cut-3.absolutive) ‘You will cut’ (Vásquez Álvarez 2011:211)
- -weñ ‘a lot’, e.g. k-weñ-bä’ñ-añ-ø (1.ergative-much-get.scared-transitive-3.absolutive) ‘It scared me a lot’ (Vásquez Álvarez 2011:211)
- -komoñ ‘together’, e.g. la=j-komoñ-mel-ø (pl.inclusive=1.ergative-together-do-3.absolutive) ‘We make it together’ (Vásquez Álvarez 2011:139)