AfBo: A world-wide survey of affix borrowing

Information and examples are from Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta (1996) and Hualde and Urbina (2003). See also Haase (1992: 48–51), who focuses on French and Gascon influence on the Basque variety of lower Navarra, and Mujika (1982).

2 diminutive suffixes

‑ila, ‑ilo ‘diminutive’, e.g. neskatila ‘little girl’ (from neska ‘girl’), leihatila ‘little window’ (from leiho ‘window’), andrakila ‘doll’ (from andra ‘woman’), astokilo ‘little donkey’ (from asto ‘donkey’), gizonilo ‘little man’ (from gizon ‘man’) (Hualde 2003a: 331) (see also Haase 1992: 49; Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 84, 89)

‑(i)no, ‑(i)na, ‑(i)ño, ‑(i)ña, ‑ño ‘diminutive’, e.g. emekiñio ‘very softly’ (from emeki ‘softly’), batño ‘a little one’ (from bat ‘one’) (Hualde 2003a: 331; Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 89)

2 augmentative suffixes

‑nda ‘diminutive female’, e.g. urdanda ~urdanga ‘sow’ (from urde ‘hog’), oilanda ‘young hen’ (from oilo ‘hen’) (Trask 2003: 117; Hualde 2003a: 331)

‑ote ‘augmentative’, e.g. lodikote ‘kind of fat’ (from lodi ‘fat, thick’), handikote ‘kind of big’ (from handi ‘big’, cf. Sp grandote) (Hualde 2003a: 331)

7 human noun derivation (occupation, inhabitant) suffixes

‑(l)ari, ‑kari, ‑tari ~ ‑lari ‘occupation, names of meals’ (from Latin ‑arius), e.g. pelotari ‘ball player’ (from pelota ‘ball’), bertsolari ‘verse singer’ (from bertso ‘poem’), txistulari ‘flutist’ (from txistu ‘flute’), haizkolari ‘lumberjack’ (from haizkora ‘ax’), koblakari ‘bard’ (from kobla ‘song’), mendikari ‘climber’ (from mendi ‘mountain’), hizkuntzalari ‘linguist’ (from hizkuntw ‘language’), albokari ‘lateral’ (from albo ‘side’), sudurkari ‘nasal’ (from sudur ‘nose’), egunkari ‘newspaper’ (from egun ‘day’), aldizkari ‘magazine’ (from aldiz ‘time’), lehendakari ‘president’ (from lehen ‘first’), agintari ‘authority’ (from agin(du) ‘order’), gosari ‘breakfast’ (from gose ‘hunger’), bazkari ‘dinner’ (from baratze ‘vegetable garden’), afari ‘supper’ (from *gauhari = gau ‘night’ +‑ari) (Hualde 2003a: 335) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 83)

‑tar ‘inhabitant, occupatoin, and adjectives’, e.g. ofiatiar ‘Ofiatian’ (from Ofiati), gipuzkoar ‘Gipuzkoan’ (from Gipuzkoa), arabar ‘Araban’ (from Araba), espainiar ‘Spanish’ (from Espainia), gernikar ‘Gernikan’ (from Gernika), donostiar ‘Donostian’ (from Donostia), ainhoar ‘Ainhoan’ (from Ainhoa), saratar ‘Saran’ (from Sara), erromatar ‘Roman’ (from Erroma ‘Rome’), zuberotar ‘Zuberoan’ (from Zubero‑a), baztandar ‘Baztanese’ (from Baztan), irundar ‘Irunese’ (from Irún), brasildar ‘Brazilian’ (from Brasil), paristar ‘Parisian’ (from Paris), kanpotar ‘outsider’ (from kanpo ‘outside’), zerutar ‘heavenly’ (from zeru ‘heaven’), baserritar ‘farmer’ (from baserri ‘farm’), kaletar ‘town dweller’ (from kale ‘street’). (Hualde 2003a: 339)

‑es ‘ethnonym’, e.g. frantses ‘French’, ingeles ‘English’, baiones ‘from Bayonne (Bayonne)’, biames ‘Biarnais’ (Hualde 2003a: 340)

‑duru ‘agent noun’, e.g. hoberaduru ‘sinner’, zorduru ‘debtor’, harzedura ‘creditor’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 84)

‑er(o), ‑ier ‘agent noun’, e.g. gezurtero ‘liar’, zurrutero ‘drinker’, zakutero ‘(heavy) eater’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 86)

‑(k)oi ‘agent noun’, e.g. andrako ‘womanizer’, berekoi ‘egoist’, herrikoi ‘patriot’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 92–93)

‑(e)sa, ‑(t)sa ‘female person’, e.g. jainkosa ‘goddess’ (from jainko ‘god’), okintsa ‘female baker’ (regional, from okin ‘baker’), alarguntsa ‘widow’ (from alargun ‘widow’ and ‘widower’), errientsa ‘female primary school teacher’ (from errient ‘male primary school teacher’) (Trask 2003: 117) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 95)

19 inanimate and abstract noun derivation suffixes, and/or adjectivizers

‑eria ‘collective’, e.g. tresneria ‘set of tools’ (from tresna ‘tool’), gazteria ‘youth, group of youngsters’ (from gazte ‘young’), umeteria ‘group of children’ (from ume ‘child’), langileria ‘staff, group of workers’ (from langile ‘worker’) (Hualde 2003a: 333)

‑kada ‘blow with N’ or ‘heap of N’, e.g. eskukada ‘blow with the hand, handful’ (from esku ‘hand’), harrikada ‘blow with a stone’ (from harri ‘stone’), ukabilkada ‘punch with the fist’ (from ukabil ‘fist’), ahokada ‘mouthful’ (from aho ‘mouth’), aurrerakada ‘step forward, progress’ (from aurrera ‘onwards’), karrokada ‘cartful’ (from karro ‘cart’) (Hualde 2003a: 334) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 81)

‑keria ‘negative quality’, e.g. erokeria ‘foolishness’ (from ero ‘fool’), zikinkeria ‘dirtiness’ (from zikin ‘dirty’), garbikeria ‘purism’ (from garbi ‘clean’), sorginkeria ‘witchcraft’ (from sorgin ‘witch’), alukeria ‘stupidity’ (from alu ‘vulva, stupid’), also used to express an action or the result of an action, e.g. astokeria ‘assinine behavior’ (from asto ‘donkey’) (Hualde 2003a: 340) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 85–86)

‑gailu, ‑ailu, ‑kailu ‘instrument’, e.g. sendagailu ‘remedy’ (from senda(tu) ‘heal’), zerrailu ‘lock’ (from zerra(tu) ‘close’), apaingailu ‘fixing, decoration’ (from apain(du) ‘fix’), edergailu ‘decoration’ (from eder(tu) ‘beautify’), berogailu ‘heater’ (from bero(tu) ‘heat’), hozkailu ‘refrigerator’ (from hoz(tu) ‘make cold’) (Hualde 2003a: 341–342) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 80–81)

‑era, ‑kera ‘manner’ (in nouns derived from verbs), ‘dimension’ (in nouns from adjectives), ‘name of languages and dialects’, e.g. ibil(k)era ‘way of walking’ (from ibil(i) ‘walk’), jarrera ‘position, attitude’ (from jarr(i) ‘put’), hasiera ‘beginning’ (from has(i) ‘begin’), zabalera ‘extension’ (from zabal ‘wide’), lodiera ‘fatness’ (from lodi ‘fat’), luzera ‘length’ (from luze ‘long’), italiera ‘Italian language’ (from Italia ‘Italy’), arabiera ‘Arabian language’ (from Arabia), bizkaiera ‘Biscayan dialect’ (from Bizkaia) (Hualde 2003a: 342) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 84–85). Hualde and Urbina (2003) do not mention explicitly that this suffix would be borrowed, but Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta (1996: 84) do

‑keta ‘action or result’, e.g. hedaketa ‘act of spreading’ (from heda(tu) ‘spread’), garbiketa ‘cleaning’ (from garbi(tu) ‘clean’), aldaketa ‘change’ (from alda(tu) ‘change’), erosketa ‘purchase, shopping’ (from eros(i) ‘buy’), salketa ‘sale’ (from sal(du) ‘sale’), sorketa ‘creativity, creation’ (from sor(tu) ‘create’), salaketa ‘denunciation’ (from sala(tu) ‘denounce’) (Hualde 2003a: 342–343) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 87)

‑dura ‘action or result’, e.g. hedadura ‘extension, space that is covered’ (from heda(tu) ‘spread’), luzadura ‘lengthening’ (from luza(tu) ‘lengthen’), erredura ‘burn’ (from erre ‘burn’), kutsadura ‘pollution’ (from kutsa(tu) ‘pollute’), ebakidura ‘cut’ (from ebaki ‘cut’) (Hualde 2003a: 342–343) (see also Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 97–98)

‑zio, ‑(k)izun ‘action or result’, e.g. barkazio ‘pardon’ (from barka(tu) ‘forgive’) (Hualde 2003a: 342–343), barkakizun ‘pardon’, erraizun ‘(empty) talk’, ikhuskizun ‘things to see’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 90–91, 98)

‑aje, ‑aia, ‑aie ‘abstract noun’, e.g. lumaje ‘plumage’, narruaje ‘skin’, zuraje ‘woodwork’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 81–82)

‑antza, -antzia, -entzia ‘abstract noun’, e.g. ustanza ‘confidence’, gorantza ‘praise’, durkentza ‘meeting’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 81–82)

‑duria ‘abstract noun’, e.g. jakinduria ‘wisdom’, apainduria ‘decoration’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 84)

‑eta ‘grove’, e.g. lizarreta ‘ash tree grove’, inxaurreta ‘walnut tree grove’, aritzeta ‘oak tree grove’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 87–88)

‑gura ‘abstract noun’, e.g. logura ‘sleepiness’, barregura ‘desire to laugh’, zelanguare ‘however’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 88)

‑(g/k)unde, ‑undia, ‑kune ‘abstract noun: action, ability, social group’, e.g. beharkunde ‘necessity’, gizonkunde ‘males’, apezkunde ‘priests’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 91)

‑pen, -men(du/tu/ta) ‘abstract noun’, e.g. luzamen ‘enlargement’, aitomen ‘confession’, pairmen ‘suffering’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 92)

‑ta(de/te), ‑da(te/de/re) ‘abstract noun’, e.g. bakartade ‘solitude’, egitade ‘action’, hondare ‘heritage’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 96)

‑(t)za, ‑(e)zia ‘abstract noun’, e.g. zuhurtzia ‘prudence’, emaitza ‘result, production’, agintza ‘promise’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 97)

‑os(o), ‑ts(u/a), ‑z(u/a) ‘abstract noun or adjective’, e.g. menditsu ‘mountainous’, elortza ‘thorny’, harritza ‘stone desert’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 94)

‑tu, ‑du ‘adjectivizer’, e.g. zigortu ‘punished’, ihartu ‘dry’, bazkaldu ‘eaten’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 96)

5 derivational prefixes

des‑ ‘privative’, e.g. desegin ‘undo’ (from egin ‘do, make’), deslotu ‘untie’ (from lotu ‘tie’), desberdin ‘unequal, different’ (from berdin ‘same, equal’), desegoki ‘inappropriate’ (from egoki ‘appropriate’), desadostasun ‘lack of agreement’ (from adostasun ‘agreement’) (Hualde 2003a: 349) (see also Hualde 2003b: 42; Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 99–100)

erre‑, arra‑ ‘repeated’, e.g. arraseme ‘grandson’, arraeraiki ‘lift up again’, arraberritu ‘renovate’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 99) (see also Haase 1992: 50–51)

kontra‑ ‘contra’, e.g. kontraurre ‘stern’, kontraease ‘contradiction’, kontrajarri ‘put against’ (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 100)

anti‑ ‘against’, e.g. anitherritar ‘unpopular’ (only one example with a native stem) (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 100–101)

super‑ ‘super’, e.g. supermutil ‘big boy’, superneska ‘impressive girl’ (only two example with a native stem) (Segura Munguía and Etxebarria Ayesta 1996: 100–101)